Pioderma gangrenoso após quadrantectomia de mama com radioterapia intraoperatória: relato de caso / Pyoderma gangrenosum after quadrantectomy with intraoperative radiotherapy: a case report

Pioderma gangrenoso é uma doença inflamatória imunomediada e rara da pele, de diagnóstico extremamente desafiador. A evolução clínica é a base para o diagnóstico, cursando com lesões pustulosas superficiais, halo eritematoso doloroso, rápida progressão para ulcerações dolorosas e estéreis, sem resposta a antibióticos ou a novas intervenções cirúrgicas e, finalmente, com pronta melhora com uso de imunossupressores. O atraso no diagnóstico pode acarretar numerosas internações e terapias prolongadas, sendo que seu reconhecimento precoce, por outro lado, evita a progressão dessas ulcerações e sua morbidade. Relatou-se um caso de pioderma gangrenoso que evoluiu após cirurgia associada à radioterapia intraoperatória no tratamento conservador do câncer de mama, fazendo-se uma revisão de casos relatados na literatura e suas possibilidades terapêuticas. Questiona-se, também, se a radioterapia intraoperatória estaria relacionada com algum estímulo imunomediado, o que poderia ter facilitado o desencadeamento do quadro.

Pyoderma gangrenosum is an immune-mediated inflammatory and rare skin disease with an extremely challenging diagnosis. The clinical evolution of the disease is the basis for the diagnosis that involves pustular superficial lesions, painful erythematous halo, rapid progression to painful and sterile ulcerations, unresponsiveness to antibiotics or new surgical interventions, and finally, ready improvement with the use of immunosuppressive drugs. Delayed diagnosis may cause numerous hospitalizations and prolonged therapy, whereas early recognition can prevent the progression of the ulcerations and their morbidities. We report a case of pyoderma gangrenosum that evolved after surgery and was associated with intraoperative radiotherapy for the conservative treatment of breast cancer. In addition, we reviewed reported cases in the literature and therapeutic options. It is conjectured that intraoperative radiotherapy might be related to some immune-mediated stimuli that could trigger the clinical condition.

Occupational health and safety experiences among self-identified immigrant workers living or working in Somerville, MA by ethnicity, years in the US, and English proficiency.

In this community based research initiative, we employed a survey instrument predominately developed and administered by Teen Educators to assess occupational health risks for Haitian, Salvadoran, and Brazilian immigrants (n = 405) in Somerville, MA, USA. We demonstrate that a combined analysis of ethnicity, years in the US, and English proficiency better characterized the occupational experience of immigrant workers than considering these variables individually. While years in the US (negatively) and English proficiency (positively) explained the occurrence of health risks, the country of origin identified the most vulnerable populations in the community. Brazilians, Salvadorans, and other Hispanic, all of whom who have been in the US varying length of time, with varying proficiency in English language had twice the odds of reporting injuries due to work compared to other immigrants. Although this observation was not significant it indicates that years in the US and English proficiency alone do not predict health risks among this population. We recommend the initiation of larger studies employing c community based participatory research methods to confirm these differences and to further explore work and health issues of immigrant populations. This study is one of the small number of research efforts to utilize a contemporaneous assessment of occupational health problems in three distinct immigrant populations at the community level within a specific Environmental Justice context and social milieu.

Transferring knowledge about human subjects protections and the role of institutional review boards in a community-based participatory research project.

Among the first tasks in a collaboration between Tufts University and community organizations in Somerville, MA, was designing an interview instrument to assess occupational health needs among immigrant workers. Human subjects protections was a critical issue, but community partners were not well informed about the need for such protections or the role of the institutional review board (IRB). During research meetings, members of the team from Tufts trained community collaborators to work with research participants and organized a presentation by a key university IRB administrator. We present findings from the process evaluation of this project and suggest ways to (1) assess community partners' understanding about working with research volunteers, (2) train collaborators, and (3) involve IRBs.

[Validation of a questionnaire for epilepsy diagnosis in primary care services]. / Validación de un cuestionario para el diagnóstico de la epilepsia en servicios de atención primaria.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of a questionnaire in primary health care services for establishing the diagnosis of epilepsy in children from 1 to 10 years old and for classifying their epileptic seizures. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in 2004. There were 204 children in the study (102 diagnosed with epilepsy and 102 without epilepsy). The children were randomly selected at the Regional Center of Epilepsies and the Vincent Corral Moscoso Hospital, which are both in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. For the study, each child with epilepsy was matched with a child without epilepsy, in two age groups: 1 to 5 years old and 6 to 10 years old. Four students who were in their last academic year in the School of Medicine of Cuenca and who did not know the child's diagnosis utilized the questionnaire with a family member or other guardian of the child. The validity, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the questionnaire were calculated, with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). The clinical diagnosis carried out by specialists was used as the gold standard. RESULTS: The assessment showed that the questionnaire had good sensitivity (95.10%; 95% CI: 94.58%-95.61%) and good specificity (97.06%; 95% CI: 96.58%-97.59%). Validity was 96.08% (95% CI: 95.84%-96.36%), with a positive predictive value of 97.00% (95% CI: 96.48%-97.52%) and a negative predictive value of 95.19% (95% CI: 94.74%-95.74%). The level of agreement in the classification of the epileptic seizures carried out by the neurologists and by the medical students who used the questionnaire was satisfactory for the generalized seizures (kappa = 0.67). Upon testing for interobserver agreement among the specialists, the kappa value for the diagnoses was 0.80 among the neurologists and 0.89 among the pediatricians. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic questionnaire that was assessed has good sensitivity and adequate specificity, and, after brief training, primary health care general practitioners can use it to help them diagnose epileptic seizures.

Validación de un cuestionario para el diagnóstico de la epilepsia en servicios de atención primaria / Validation of a questionnaire for epilepsy diagnosis in primary care services

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la utilidad de un cuestionario para establecer el diagnóstico de epilepsia en niños de 1 a 10 años de edad y clasificar las crisis epilépticas en los servicios de atención primaria. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional transversal; participaron 204 niños de 1 a 10 años de edad (102 con diagnóstico de epilepsia y 102 sin epilepsia) escogidos al azar en el Centro Regional de Epilepsias y en el Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso, ambos de la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador. Los niños fueron pareados por grupos de edad (de 1 a 5 y de 6 a 10 años). Cuatro estudiantes del último año de la Escuela de Medicina de esa ciudad que desconocían el diagnóstico del niño aplicaron el cuestionario a un familiar del niño o a su representante. Se evaluó el grado de discriminación diagnóstica (validez) del cuestionario, la sensibilidad, la especificidad y el valor diagnóstico de un resultado positivo o negativo, con un intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento (IC95 por ciento). Como criterio de referencia se utilizó el diagnóstico clínico emitido por especialistas. RESULTADOS: La evaluación realizada demostró que el cuestionario de diagnóstico estudiado tiene buena sensibilidad (95,10 por ciento; IC95 por ciento: 94,58 a 95,61) y especificidad (97,06 por ciento; IC95 por ciento: 96,58 a 97,59). El índice de validez fue de 96,08 (IC95 por ciento: 95,84 a 96,36), con un valor pronóstico de un resultado positivo de 97,00 por ciento (IC95 por ciento: 96,48 a 97,52) y un valor pronóstico de un resultado negativo de 95,19 por ciento (IC95 por ciento: 94,74 a 95,74). El grado de concordancia de la clasificación de las crisis epilépticas realizadas por los neurólogos y los estudiantes de medicina que utilizaron el cuestionario fue satisfactorio para las crisis generalizadas (índice k: 0,67). Según la prueba de reproducibilidad de resultados entre observadores, el índice k para el diagnóstico de los neurólogos fue de 0,80 y para el diagnóstico de los pediatras de 0,89. CONCLUSIONES: El cuestionario de diagnóstico evaluado posee una buena sensibilidad y una adecuada especificidad y puede ayudar a los médicos generales, después de un breve entrenamiento, a diagnosticar las crisis epilépticas en los servicios de atención primaria.